ENT Cancers: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Prevention

ENT cancers, also known as head and neck cancers, affect the ear, nose, and throat region. These areas are essential for breathing, speaking, hearing, and swallowing. Early awareness of ENT cancers can help in early diagnosis, effective treatment, and better survival rates.

  • 23 Dec, 2025
  • Dr. Rama Krishnaiah V

What Are ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat) Cancers?

ENT cancers are cancers that develop in the tissues of the:
  • Ear
  • Nose and nasal cavity
  • Sinuses
  • Oral cavity (mouth)
  • Pharynx (throat)
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Salivary glands
Most ENT cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, originating from the lining of these structures.

Types of ENT Cancers

1. Oral Cancer

Affects the lips, tongue, gums, cheeks, and floor of the mouth.

2. Throat (Pharyngeal) Cancer

Develops in the throat and may interfere with swallowing and breathing.

3. Laryngeal (Voice Box) Cancer

Often causes voice changes and hoarseness.

4. Nasal and Sinus Cancer

Occurs in the nasal passages or sinus cavities.

5. Salivary Gland Cancer

A rare type affecting glands that produce saliva.

Causes and Risk Factors of ENT Cancers

The most common risk factors for ENT cancers include:
  • Tobacco use (smoking or chewing)
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
  • Poor oral hygiene
  • Long-term exposure to air pollution or harmful chemicals
  • Family history of cancer
Reducing exposure to these factors can significantly lower cancer risk.

Common Symptoms of ENT Cancers

Early symptoms of ENT cancers may include:
  • Persistent sore throat
  • Difficulty or pain while swallowing
  • Lumps or swelling in the neck
  • Hoarseness or voice changes
  • Mouth sores that do not heal
  • Frequent nosebleeds or nasal blockage
  • Ear pain or unexplained hearing loss
Persistent symptoms lasting more than 2–3 weeks should not be ignored.

Diagnosis of ENT Cancers

ENT cancers are diagnosed using:
  • Physical and clinical examinations
  • Endoscopy
  • Imaging tests (CT scan, MRI)
  • Biopsy for tissue analysis
Early diagnosis improves treatment success and survival rates.

Treatment Options for ENT Cancers

Treatment depends on cancer type, location, and stage, and may include:
  • Surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted therapy or immunotherapy
Often, a combination of treatments is used for best results.

Prevention of ENT Cancers

ENT cancers can be prevented or risk reduced by:
  • Avoiding tobacco and alcohol
  • Maintaining good oral hygiene
  • Eating a healthy, balanced diet
  • Getting vaccinated against HPV
  • Using protective equipment in hazardous workplaces

When to Consult a Doctor

Seek medical advice if ENT-related symptoms persist or worsen. Early medical attention saves lives.

Conclusion

ENT cancers affect critical functions but are highly treatable when detected early. Awareness, healthy lifestyle choices, and regular medical checkups play a vital role in prevention and recovery.